A Manual of Chemistry, Descriptive and Theoretical, Partie 1Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 1861 - 380 pages |
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Autres éditions - Tout afficher
A Manual of Chemistry Descriptive and Theoretical William Odling (M.B.) Affichage du livre entier - 1861 |
Expressions et termes fréquents
2H₂O 3H₂O absorbed action alcohol alkaline ammonia ammonium anhydride antimony aqueous atmosphere Atomic volume atoms of hydrogen atoms of water barium basylous metals bisulphide bodies boiling bromine calcium carbonic anhydride chemical chloraldehyd chlorhydric acid chloric acid chlorine chlorous Cl₂ colour colourless combination combustion compounds condensed constitute containing copper corresponding crystallises crystals decomposed decomposition dilute dissolved distilled evaporation evolved fluorides gaseous gases H₂ H₂O H₂SO H₂SO4 hydrate hydrogen hypochlorous acid ignition insoluble instance iodhydric acid iodide iodine iron liberation liquid magnesium manganese mercury metallic oxides mixture moist nitrate nitric acid nitrogen nitrous obtained oil of vitriol ordinary temperatures oxide oxidised oxygen ozone perchloric oxide peroxide of hydrogen phosphorus platinum potassium precipitate pressure produced Proportional number quantity radicle reaction salts selenious acid selenium sesquioxide silver sodium soluble in water solution specific gravity sulphate sulphides sulphuric acid sulphurous anhydride sulphydric tellurium thiosulphate tube vapour volatile yield zinc
Fréquemment cités
Page 84 - It forms eight-ninths of water, nearly oue-fonrth of the air, and about one-half of silica, chalk, and alumina, the three most plentiful constituents of the earth's surface. With a few exceptions only, of which the principal are rock-salt, fluor-spar, blende, galena, and pyrites, it enters into the constitution of all important rocks and minerals. Independently of its existence in the water of the tissues, it is an essential constituent of all living organisms. It is absorbed by animals during respiration,...
Page 94 - If we consider ozone to be a compound of oxygen with oxygen, and the contraction to be consequent upon their combination, then if one portion of this combined or contracted oxygen were absorbed by the reagent, the other portion would be set free, and by its liberation might expand to the volume of the whole. Thus, if we suppose three volumes of oxygen to be condensed by their mutual combination into two volumes, then on absorbing one-third of this combined oxygen by mercury, the remaining twothirds...
Page 201 - HC1O4, on the chlorine series. Each contains one atom of the radicle which gives the special character to the acid, in the one case chlorine, in the other sulphur. Each contains also four atoms, or volumes, of oxygen ; but whereas perchloric acid contains only one atom, or volume, of hydrogen, sulphuric acid contains two atoms, or two volumes. And this difference in composition leads to a marked difference in the properties of the two acids. Perchloric acid HC1O4, has only one atom of hydrogen that...
Page 95 - ... not undergoing any alteration of weight by the reaction. It is also decomposed to an unlimited extent by dry silver leaf or filings. These unlimited effects may be explained by the successive, or simultaneous, occurrence of oxidation and reduction. Thus dry silver leaf is at first obviously oxidised by ozone ; and the oxide of silver so formed is then reduced, and so on consecutively. Ozone is practically insoluble in water and acid solutions. When ozonised gas is passed through potash or soda,...
Page 373 - Group of Elements. — The five elements' nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, form a well-marked natural group of elements. In the first place, the elements themselves exhibit a definite gradation of properties ; and secondly, the analogy in composition and properties, manifested by the similar compounds of the five elements, is most striking and complete. Nitrogen is a gas, phosphorus a solid whose specific gravity varies from 1-8 to 2-2, arsenic has the specific gravity of 5-6,...
Page 138 - Many inferior oxides, dinoxide of copper for instance, are made by reducing the higher oxides with metal. With the exception of the oxides of the earth-metals, chlorine decomposes all metallic oxides, uniting with the metals to form chlorides, and expelling the oxygen. With oxide of silver this reaction takes place at ordinary temperatures ; with the alkalies and alkaline earths, at a full red heat.
Page 267 - ... saltpetre rot, or efflorescence which sometimes occurs upon the old walls of stables and other badly drained buildings. Nitrates are formed wherever nitrogenised organic matters in contact with earthy carbonates or other bases are freely acted upon by the air. Lumps of chalk moistened with weak ammonia and exposed to the air have been found to yield nitrate of calcium ; but it is doubtful whether the production of ammonia is a necessary stage in the process of nitrification. The shallow well-waters...
Page 116 - ... the following general law^, that, under equal circumstances of temperature, water takes up, in all cases, the same volume of condensed gas as of gas under ordinary pressure. 'But, as the spaces occupied by every gas are inversely as the compressing force, it follows, that water takes up, of gas condensed by one, two, or more additional atmospheres, a quantity which, ordinarily compressed, would be equal to twice, thrice, &c.
Page 84 - WE will now inquire into the source of these depositions, which gradually accumulate from the first period of existence to old age. Firstly, we will ask the source of the fibrinous and gelatinous substances ; secondly, the source of the earthy deposits. Oxygen is the most abundant of the...
Page 87 - ... unacted upon in dry oxygen or air ; but in moist oxygen or air, many of them become slowly oxidised. The coating of oxide first formed frequently protects the metal from more than a superficial oxidation, as is notably the case with lead. Some of the ordinarily permanent metals, when in a very finely divided state, for instance lead as obtained by the ignition of its tartrate, and iron as produced by the ignition of Prussian blue, undergo so violent an oxidation, that spontaneous combustion results...